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Goodnight Vienna

What's the meaning of the phrase 'Goodnight Vienna'?

'Goodnight Vienna' means 'it's all over', for example "Jack stepped on the landmine and it was goodnight Vienna". It is also used to refer to an implied coming conclusion which has become inevitable, for example "She winked and beckoned me towards her bedroom and I knew it was goodnight Vienna".

What's the origin of the phrase 'Goodnight Vienna'?

Goodnight ViennaThe phrase 'Good-night Vienna' is most commonly used in the UK and is first found in print as the title of a 1932 radio operetta written by Eric Maschwitz, which was later made into a film of the same name starring Jack Buchanan and Anna Neagle. However, there's no reason to see this as the source of the expression as it is now used, with the meaning 'it's all over' - the film's use of the two words is merely a coincidence deriving from the storyline of two lovers who say farewell in Vienna.

For the origin we need to move forward to the 1960s. The film was well-known and it's title was put to use by a journalist on the UK newspaper The Coventry Standard in April 1965, in a story about a woman gymnast called Maureen Wallis. Wallis was due to be part of a group of gymnasts to travel to take part in a display in Vienna but twisted her ankle at the last minute. The paper reported this with:

It is "Goodnight Vienna" for the dark-haired senior champion.

That is the first use that I can find of the phrase in its metaphorical sense, that is with the meaning 'it's all over', although it is quite possible that the journalist was making use of an expression that was already street slang.

Ringo Starr used 'Goodnight Vienna' as the name of an album that he released in 1974. The title track was written by John Lennon. The lyrics of the song are ambiguous but they do seem to refer to the 'the inevitable happened' meaning of the phrase. Again, Lennon didn't coin the phrase but its use as an album and song title brought it to a much wider audience.

By the 1980s the phrase was in common use, as its inclusion without any explanation in the script of the popular BBC comedy series Only Fools & Horses in 1989 shows:

If she was to see you in that dopey shirt and yer face covered in Randolph Scotts! Well, it'd been goodnight Vienna, wouldn't it.

[Note: Randolph Scotts is Cockney Rhyming Slang for spots.]

That's the history of the phrase but how did it come to be coined? The 'goodnight' part seems intuitive and an allusion to 'things are finished', 'the lights are off', 'Elvis has left the building', but why Vienna? Well, it seems (unless the Coventry Standard piece really did originate the phrase) that there is no compelling reason - it could just as well have been 'goodnight Berlin' or 'goodnight Miss Piggy". The reason for thinking this is that there have been many 'goodnight [random noun]' phrases dating back as far as Middle English variants from the 16th century. These include:

Goodnight John Line (Thomas Whythorne, 1576)

Goodnight Landlady, the moon is up. (John Day and Henry Chettle, 1640)

Goodnight Nicholas, the moon is on the flock bed. (James Howell, 1659)

Goodnight nurse (Marvin Dana, 1913)

Goodnight Joe Doyle (Brendan Behan, 1956)

Goodnight Irene (Boyd and Hayle, 1973)

Vienna is now established as the noun of choice from this long and somewhat arbitrary list.

People often write to me to say that they have coined a new phrase and how do they register it. That's always seemed to me to be a bizarre ambition but, given the success various authors have had in the past, anyone wanting to claim the coinage of a new expression might do worse than "goodnight [some new random noun]".

[PS "goodnight Miss Piggy" is already taken.]

Gary Martin - the author of the phrases.org.uk website.

By Gary Martin

Gary Martin is a writer and researcher on the origins of phrases and the creator of the Phrase Finder website. Over the past 26 years more than 700 million of his pages have been downloaded by readers. He is one of the most popular and trusted sources of information on phrases and idioms.

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